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We introduce a new approach to developmental reflection in which the focus is on differences in how people reflect. When reflecting on challenging experiences, people achieve better development when they tend to look for causes of what happened within changeable personal characteristics, and they subsequently focus on the improvement of those personal characteristics.

Supervisors and subordinates with leadership responsibilities in diverse jobs in varied industries provided survey data (444 individuals in a psychometric testing sample, and 419 paired subordinate/supervisor dyads in a model-testing sample).

The reflection difference construct had the expected factor structure, reliability, and was distinguishable from eight conceptually related variables in the literature. Reflection differences were predicted by the theoretically relevant job, person, and situational variables and were associated with development and performance outcomes.

The reflection construct might be used for prediction to identify the individuals who are likely to get the most from challenging experiences and improve. Further, by identifying predictors of reflection, ideas for enhancing reflection are provided. Also, by uncovering specific underlying dimensionality of reflection, this offers specific targets for interventions beyond generally encouraging people to reflect.

This study establishes support for: (1) the new theoretical framing of reflection differences, (2) a new preliminary model of antecedents and outcomes, and (3) an initial scale for future research and practice that can be more explicit about understanding and addressing underlying differences in how people reflect.

This chapter discusses how society can be more involved in climate research and policy as a more socially equitable and just way of tackling future climate impacts through the lens of education. The first section discusses previous and contemporary social and political conditions in relation to increased and more equitable and just citizen engagement in climate action in the science–policy domain. The second section then explores how collaborative education approaches through Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) can be ramped up to catalyse increased citizen engagement in climate action. The chapter concludes by critically discussing future directions for research in ESD and climate change as a more inclusive and just form of climate governance.

In 1899 the medical practitioners of Dublin were confronted with an outbreak of a peculiar and obscure illness, characterised by symptoms which were very unusual. For want of a better explanation, the disorder, which seemed to be epidemic, was explained by the simple expedient of finding a name for it. It was labelled as “beri‐beri,” a tropical disease with very much the same clinical and pathological features as those observed at Dublin. Papers were read before certain societies, and then as the cases gradually diminished in number, the subject lost interest and was dropped.

In the UK, obstetric surgery is commonly performed with the patient awake and her partner present. Patient expectations are high. Even under high quality regional anaesthesia, non‐painful sensation may occur. This and other contentious issues must be discussed before surgery. Legal proceedings against obstetric anaesthetists are rare, but may arise many months later. Accurate contemporaneous notes are essential. The quality of notekeeping was audited for 50 Caesarean sections. A redesigned anaesthetic chart with prompts for key information was introduced and the audit repeated. There were significant improvements in documenting the pre‐operative discussion of: intra‐operative sensation; conversion to general anaesthesia; post‐dural puncture headache; suppositories; neuraxial opiate‐induced itch. Records of pain free operations; the presence or absence of nerve root pain; and the timing of events leading to delivery were significantly increased. This audit suggests that an anaesthetic chart with specific prompts improves the documentation of medico‐legally relevant information.

A method has been developed for conjugate heat transfer analysis of fluid flow inside parallel channels formed by a phase change material (PCM) separated from the fluid by a wall. The phase change in the PCM is two dimensional and a hybrid analysis consisting of an analytical solution in one direction and a finite‐difference method in another direction is used to solve for the temperature in the PCM. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) inlet temperature is given and the heat transfer between the HTF and the PCM is treated as a conjugate problem that requires no iterations to obtain a solution. The numerical results are found to be stable, convergent, and accurate. Application of the method to the solution of heat extraction from a phase‐change energy storage unit is given in detail and the numerical results are shown to be accurate, based on an energy conservation analysis, to within 3%.

Thermal solidification processes are an important concern in today’s manufacturing technology. Because of the complex geometric nature of real‐world problems, analytical techniques with closed‐form solutions are scarce and/or not feasible. As a consequence, various numerical techniques have been employed for the numerical simulations. Of interest in the present paper are thermal solidification problems involving single or multiple arbitary phases. In order to effectively handle such problems, the finite element method is employed in conjunction with adaptive time stepping approaches to accurately and effectively track the various phase fronts and describe the physics of phase front interactions and thermal behaviour. In conjunction with the enthalpy method which is employed to handle the latent heat release, a fixed‐grid finite element technique and an automatic time stepping approach which uses the norm of the temperature distribution differences between adjacent time step levels to control the error are employed with the scale of the norm being automatically selected. Several numerical examples, including single and multiple phase change problems, are described.

TWO distinct types of climb arise in aviation. In the first, it is necessary to climb to a given height without attaching any importance to horizontal distance covered. An example is a climb to take up patrol at a given height. Obviously the quickest way to do this is to climb at the maximum rate of climb possible at each instant. The second type of climb is more important. In this it is necessary to climb to cruising height while, at the same time, travelling as far as possible in a certain horizontal direction. Examples are the initial climb of transport 'planes and bombers, and the “chasing climb” of a fighter which has taken off to pursue an enemy. It seems possible that the first type of climb is not the best in this case; a flatter climb, such as that shown dotted in Fig. 1, may have a horizontal speed sufficiently great to more than compensate for the extra time required to reach cruising height—vertical distances are exaggerated to show more clearly.

Certified and non-certified organisations must make strategic decisions regarding ISO 9001 adoption, maintenance, renewal and abandonment. However, the ISO 9001 literature lacks a typology of the strategic options available to these organisations. The purpose of this conceptual study is to develop a framework of the alternative strategies for the stages of the ISO 9001 life cycle (implementation/certification, certification maintenance and recertification/decertification stages).

The research method is based on literature review, selection of relevant variables and synthesis of coherent alternative strategies.

Results include the main variables of relevance for the definition of the ISO 9001 strategies (e.g. life cycle stage, organisational motivations, barriers, benefits, internalisation degree and quality of the certification body), the main situations in which organisations can find themselves (in terms of ISO 9001 certification, maintenance and decertification), the strategic options for each situation (e.g.: certify, maintain certification, try harder, change certification body, intensify learning and experimentation with ISO 9001) and the implications and consequences of such options. Research results are integrated into a strategy framework, composed of three strategy matrices, one for each stage of the life cycle. The matrices present the strategic situations, available strategic alternatives and benefits of the strategies.

This study combines the results of previous research to develop an original strategy framework, which constitutes the main research contribution. As far as the author is aware, there is no such strategy framework in the literature. The framework has relevant implications for theory and practice and helps to identify future research directions.

RECOILLESS guns have been developed in Germany, Russia and America because of the lightness of the whole equipment, relative to the muzzle‐energy, that is possible in this class of gun. The German work began about 1937 and such guns (10·5 cm. L.G.40) were used in the invasion of Crete in 1941. The Russian 3‐inch recoilless gun was in use a little earlier. American interest in these guns dates from 1943, and a 7·5 cm. type has been announced. No British recoilless guns have been mentioned, but a theory of the internal ballistics of this form of gun has been published recently by the present writer.